[role="xpack"]
[[ml-configuring-transform]]
= Altering data in your {dfeed} with runtime fields

If you use {dfeeds}, you can use runtime fields to alter your data before it 
is analyzed. You can add an optional `runtime_mappings` property to your 
{dfeeds}, where you can specify field types and scripts that evaluate custom 
expressions without affecting the indices that you're retrieving the data from.

If your {dfeed} defines runtime fields, you can use those fields in your
{anomaly-job}. For example, you can use the runtime fields in the analysis
functions in one or more detectors. Runtime fields can impact search performance 
based on the computation defined in the runtime script.

[NOTE]
===============================
Some of these examples use regular expressions. By default, regular
expressions are disabled because they circumvent the protection that Painless
provides against long running and memory hungry scripts. For more information,
see {ref}/modules-scripting-painless.html[Painless scripting language].

{ml-cap} analysis is case sensitive. For example, "John" is considered to be 
different than "john". This is one reason you might consider using scripts that 
convert your strings to upper or lowercase letters.
===============================

* <<ml-configuring-transform1>>
* <<ml-configuring-transform2>>
* <<ml-configuring-transform3>>
* <<ml-configuring-transform4>>
* <<ml-configuring-transform5>>
* <<ml-configuring-transform6>>
* <<ml-configuring-transform7>>
* <<ml-configuring-transform8>>
// * <<ml-configuring-transform9>>

The following index APIs create and add content to an index that is used in
subsequent examples:

[source,console]
----------------------------------
PUT /my-index-000001
{
  "mappings":{
    "properties": {
      "@timestamp": { "type": "date" },
      "aborted_count": { "type": "long" },
      "another_field": { "type": "keyword" }, <1>
      "clientip": { "type": "keyword" },
      "coords": {
        "properties": {
          "lat": { "type": "keyword" },
          "lon": { "type": "keyword" }
        }
      },
      "error_count": { "type": "long" },
      "query": { "type": "keyword" },
      "some_field": { "type": "keyword" },
      "tokenstring1":{ "type":"keyword" },
      "tokenstring2":{ "type":"keyword" },
      "tokenstring3":{ "type":"keyword" }
    }
  }
}

PUT /my-index-000001/_doc/1
{
  "@timestamp":"2017-03-23T13:00:00",
  "error_count":36320,
  "aborted_count":4156,
  "some_field":"JOE",
  "another_field":"SMITH  ",
  "tokenstring1":"foo-bar-baz",
  "tokenstring2":"foo bar baz",
  "tokenstring3":"foo-bar-19",
  "query":"www.ml.elastic.co",
  "clientip":"123.456.78.900",
  "coords": {
    "lat" : 41.44,
    "lon":90.5
  }
}
----------------------------------
// TEST[skip:SETUP]

<1> In this example, string fields are mapped as `keyword` fields to support
aggregation. If you want both a full text (`text`) and a keyword (`keyword`)
version of the same field, use multi-fields. For more information, see
{ref}/multi-fields.html[fields].


[[ml-configuring-transform1]]
.Example 1: Adding two numerical fields

[source,console]
----------------------------------
PUT _ml/anomaly_detectors/test1
{
  "analysis_config":{
    "bucket_span": "10m",
    "detectors":[
      {
        "function":"mean",
        "field_name": "total_error_count" <1>
      }
    ]
  },
  "data_description": {
    "time_field":"@timestamp"
  },
  "datafeed_config":{
    "datafeed_id": "datafeed-test1",
    "indices": ["my-index-000001"],
    "runtime_mappings": {
      "total_error_count": { <2>
        "type": "long",
        "script": {
          "source": "emit(doc['error_count'].value + doc['aborted_count'].value)"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}
----------------------------------
// TEST[skip:needs-licence]

<1> A runtime field named `total_error_count` is referenced in the detector
within the job.
<2> The runtime field is defined in the {dfeed}.

This `test1` {anomaly-job} contains a detector that uses a runtime field in a
mean analysis function. The `datafeed-test1` {dfeed} defines the runtime field.
It contains a script that adds two fields in the document to produce a "total"
error count.

The syntax for the `runtime_mappings` property is identical to that used by 
{es}. For more information, see {ref}/runtime.html[Runtime fields].

You can preview the contents of the {dfeed} by using the following API:

[source,console]
----------------------------------
GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test1/_preview
----------------------------------
// TEST[skip:continued]

In this example, the API returns the following results, which contain a sum of
the `error_count` and `aborted_count` values:

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "total_error_count": 40476
  }
]
----------------------------------

NOTE: This example demonstrates how to use runtime fields, but it contains
insufficient data to generate meaningful results.

//For a full demonstration of
//how to create jobs with sample data, see <<ml-getting-started>>.

You can alternatively use {kib} to create an advanced {anomaly-job} that uses
runtime fields. To add the `runtime_mappings` property to your {dfeed}, you must 
use the **Edit JSON** tab. For example:

[role="screenshot"]
image::images/ml-runtimefields.jpg[Using runtime_mappings in {dfeed} config via {kib}]


[[ml-configuring-transform2]]
.Example 2: Concatenating strings

[source,console]
--------------------------------------------------
PUT _ml/anomaly_detectors/test2
{
  "analysis_config":{
    "bucket_span": "10m",
    "detectors":[
      {
        "function":"low_info_content",
        "field_name":"my_runtime_field" <1>
      }
    ]
  },
  "data_description": {
    "time_field":"@timestamp"
  },
  "datafeed_config":{
    "datafeed_id": "datafeed-test2",
    "indices": ["my-index-000001"],
    "runtime_mappings": {
      "my_runtime_field": {
        "type": "keyword",
        "script": {
          "source": "emit(doc['some_field'].value + '_' + doc['another_field'].value)" <2>
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_preview
--------------------------------------------------
// TEST[skip:needs-licence]

<1> The runtime field has a generic name in this case, since it is used for 
various tests in the examples.
<2> The runtime field uses the plus (+) operator to concatenate strings.

The preview {dfeed} API returns the following results, which show that "JOE"
and "SMITH  " have been concatenated and an underscore was added:

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "my_runtime_field": "JOE_SMITH  "
  }
]
----------------------------------

[[ml-configuring-transform3]]
.Example 3: Trimming strings

[source,console]
--------------------------------------------------
POST _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_update
{
  "runtime_mappings": {
    "my_runtime_field": {
      "type": "keyword",
      "script": {
        "source": "emit(doc['another_field'].value.trim())" <1>
      }
    }
  }
}

GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_preview
--------------------------------------------------
// TEST[skip:continued]

<1> This runtime field uses the `trim()` function to trim extra white space from 
a string.

The preview {dfeed} API returns the following results, which show that "SMITH  "
has been trimmed to "SMITH":

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "my_script_field": "SMITH"
  }
]
----------------------------------

[[ml-configuring-transform4]]
.Example 4: Converting strings to lowercase

[source,console]
--------------------------------------------------
POST _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_update
{
  "runtime_mappings": {
    "my_runtime_field": {
      "type": "keyword",
      "script": {
        "source": "emit(doc['some_field'].value.toLowerCase())" <1>
      }
    }
  }
}

GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_preview
--------------------------------------------------
// TEST[skip:continued]

<1> This runtime field uses the `toLowerCase` function to convert a string to 
all lowercase letters. Likewise, you can use the `toUpperCase{}` function to 
convert a string to uppercase letters.

The preview {dfeed} API returns the following results, which show that "JOE"
has been converted to "joe":

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "my_script_field": "joe"
  }
]
----------------------------------

[[ml-configuring-transform5]]
.Example 5: Converting strings to mixed case formats

[source,console]
--------------------------------------------------
POST _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_update
{
  "runtime_mappings": {
    "my_runtime_field": {
      "type": "keyword",
      "script": {
        "source": "emit(doc['some_field'].value.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase() + doc['some_field'].value.substring(1).toLowerCase())" <1>
      }
    }
  }
}

GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_preview
--------------------------------------------------
// TEST[skip:continued]

<1> This runtime field is a more complicated example of case manipulation. It 
uses the `subString()` function to capitalize the first letter of a string and
converts the remaining characters to lowercase.

The preview {dfeed} API returns the following results, which show that "JOE" has 
been converted to "Joe":

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "my_script_field": "Joe"
  }
]
----------------------------------

[[ml-configuring-transform6]]
.Example 6: Replacing tokens

[source,console]
--------------------------------------------------
POST _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_update
{
  "runtime_mappings": {
    "my_runtime_field": {
      "type": "keyword",
      "script": {
        "source": "emit(/\\s/.matcher(doc['tokenstring2'].value).replaceAll('_'))" <1>
      }
    }
  }
}

GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_preview
--------------------------------------------------
// TEST[skip:continued]

<1> This script uses regular expressions to replace white space with 
underscores.

The preview {dfeed} API returns the following results, which show that "foo bar 
baz" has been converted to "foo_bar_baz":

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "my_script_field": "foo_bar_baz"
  }
]
----------------------------------

[[ml-configuring-transform7]]
.Example 7: Regular expression matching and concatenation

[source,console]
--------------------------------------------------
POST _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_update
{
  "runtime_mappings": {
    "my_runtime_field": {
      "type": "keyword",
      "script": {
        "source": "def m = /(.*)-bar-([0-9][0-9])/.matcher(doc['tokenstring3'].value); emit(m.find() ? m.group(1) + '_' + m.group(2) : '');" <1>
      }
    }
  }
}

GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test2/_preview
--------------------------------------------------
// TEST[skip:continued]

<1> This script looks for a specific regular expression pattern and emits the
matched groups as a concatenated string. If no match is found, it emits an empty
string.

The preview {dfeed} API returns the following results, which show that
"foo-bar-19" has been converted to "foo_19":

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "my_script_field": "foo_19"
  }
]
----------------------------------


[[ml-configuring-transform8]]
.Example 8: Transforming geopoint data

[source,console]
--------------------------------------------------
PUT _ml/anomaly_detectors/test3
{
  "analysis_config":{
    "bucket_span": "10m",
    "detectors":[
      {
        "function":"lat_long",
        "field_name": "my_coordinates"
      }
    ]
  },
  "data_description": {
    "time_field":"@timestamp"
  },
  "datafeed_config":{
    "datafeed_id": "datafeed-test3",
    "indices": ["my-index-000001"],
    "runtime_mappings": {
      "my_coordinates": {
        "type": "keyword",
        "script": {
          "source": "emit(doc['coords.lat'].value + ',' + doc['coords.lon'].value)"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test3/_preview
--------------------------------------------------
// TEST[skip:needs-licence]

In {es}, location data can be stored in `geo_point` fields but this data type is
not supported natively in {ml} analytics. This example of a runtime field
transforms the data into an appropriate format. For more information,
see <<ml-geo-functions>>.

The preview {dfeed} API returns the following results, which show that
`41.44` and `90.5` have been combined into "41.44,90.5":

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "my_coordinates": "41.44,90.5"
  }
]
----------------------------------

////

[[ml-configuring-transform9]]
.Example 9: Splitting strings by domain name

[source,console]
--------------------------------------------------
PUT _ml/anomaly_detectors/test4
{
  "description":"DNS tunneling",
  "analysis_config":{
    "bucket_span": "30m",
    "influencers": ["clientip","hrd"],
    "detectors":[
      {
        "function":"high_info_content",
        "field_name": "sub",
        "over_field_name": "hrd",
        "exclude_frequent":"all"
      }
    ]
  },
  "data_description": {
    "time_field":"@timestamp"
  },
  "datafeed_config":{
    "datafeed_id": "datafeed-test4",
    "indices": ["my-index-000001"],
    "script_fields":{
      "sub":{
        "script":"return domainSplit(doc['query'].value).get(0);"
      },
      "hrd":{
        "script":"return domainSplit(doc['query'].value).get(1);"
      }
    }
  }
}

GET _ml/datafeeds/datafeed-test4/_preview
--------------------------------------------------
// TEST[skip:needs-licence]

If you have a single field that contains a well-formed DNS domain name, you can
use the `domainSplit()` function to split the string into its highest registered
domain and the sub-domain, which is everything to the left of the highest
registered domain. For example, the highest registered domain of
`www.ml.elastic.co` is `elastic.co` and the sub-domain is `www.ml`. The
`domainSplit()` function returns an array of two values: the first value is the
subdomain; the second value is the highest registered domain.

The preview {dfeed} API returns the following results, which show that
"www.ml.elastic.co" has been split into "elastic.co" and "www.ml":

[source,js]
----------------------------------
[
  {
    "@timestamp": 1490274000000,
    "clientip.keyword": "123.456.78.900",
    "hrd": "elastic.co",
    "sub": "www.ml"
  }
]
----------------------------------

////