elasticsearch/docs/reference/modules/node.asciidoc

[[modules-node]]
=== Node

Any time that you start an instance of {es}, you are starting a _node_. A
collection of connected nodes is called a <<modules-cluster,cluster>>. If you
are running a single node of {es}, then you have a cluster of one node.

Every node in the cluster can handle <<modules-network,HTTP and transport>>
traffic by default. The transport layer is used exclusively for communication
between nodes; the HTTP layer is used by REST clients.
[[modules-node-description]]
// tag::modules-node-description-tag[]
All nodes know about all the other nodes in the cluster and can forward client
requests to the appropriate node.
// end::modules-node-description-tag[]

[[node-roles]]
==== Node roles

You define a node's roles by setting `node.roles` in `elasticsearch.yml`. If you
set `node.roles`, the node is only assigned the roles you specify. If you don't
set `node.roles`, the node is assigned the following roles:

* `master`
* `data`
* `data_content`
* `data_hot`
* `data_warm`
* `data_cold`
* `data_frozen`
* `ingest`
* `ml`
* `remote_cluster_client`
* `transform`

[IMPORTANT]
====
If you set `node.roles`, ensure you specify every node role your cluster needs.
Every cluster requires the following node roles:

* `master`
* {blank}
+
--
`data_content` and `data_hot` +
OR +
`data`
--

Some {stack} features also require specific node roles:

- {ccs-cap} and {ccr} require the `remote_cluster_client` role.
- {stack-monitor-app} and ingest pipelines require the `ingest` role.
- {fleet}, the {security-app}, and {transforms} require the `transform` role.
  The `remote_cluster_client` role is also required to use {ccs} with these
  features.
- {ml-cap} features, such as {anomaly-detect}, require the `ml` role.
====

As the cluster grows and in particular if you have large {ml} jobs or
{ctransforms}, consider separating dedicated master-eligible nodes from
dedicated data nodes, {ml} nodes, and {transform} nodes.

<<master-node,Master-eligible node>>::

A node that has the `master` role, which makes it eligible to be
<<modules-discovery,elected as the _master_ node>>, which controls the cluster.

<<data-node,Data node>>::

A node that has the `data` role. Data nodes hold data and perform data
related operations such as CRUD, search, and aggregations. A node with the `data` role can fill any of the specialised data node roles.

<<node-ingest-node,Ingest node>>::

A node that has the `ingest` role. Ingest nodes are able to apply an
<<ingest,ingest pipeline>> to a document in order to transform and enrich the
document before indexing. With a heavy ingest load, it makes sense to use
dedicated ingest nodes and to not include the `ingest` role from nodes that have
the `master` or `data` roles.

<<remote-node,Remote-eligible node>>::

A node that has the `remote_cluster_client` role, which makes it eligible to act
as a remote client.

<<ml-node,Machine learning node>>::

A node that has the `ml` role. If you want to use {ml-features}, there must be
at least one {ml} node in your cluster. For more information, see
<<ml-settings>> and {ml-docs}/index.html[Machine learning in the {stack}].

<<transform-node,{transform-cap} node>>::

A node that has the `transform` role. If you want to use {transforms}, there
must be at least one {transform} node in your cluster. For more information, see
<<transform-settings>> and <<transforms>>.

[NOTE]
[[coordinating-node]]
.Coordinating node
===============================================

Requests like search requests or bulk-indexing requests may involve data held
on different data nodes. A search request, for example, is executed in two
phases which are coordinated by the node which receives the client request --
the _coordinating node_.

In the _scatter_ phase, the coordinating node forwards the request to the data
nodes which hold the data. Each data node executes the request locally and
returns its results to the coordinating node. In the _gather_ phase, the
coordinating node reduces each data node's results into a single global
result set.

Every node is implicitly a coordinating node. This means that a node that has
an explicit empty list of roles via `node.roles` will only act as a coordinating
node, which cannot be disabled. As a result, such a node needs to have enough
memory and CPU in order to deal with the gather phase.

===============================================

[[master-node]]
==== Master-eligible node

The master node is responsible for lightweight cluster-wide actions such as
creating or deleting an index, tracking which nodes are part of the cluster,
and deciding which shards to allocate to which nodes. It is important for
cluster health to have a stable master node.

Any master-eligible node that is not a <<voting-only-node,voting-only node>> may
be elected to become the master node by the <<modules-discovery,master election
process>>.

IMPORTANT: Master nodes must have a `path.data` directory whose contents
persist across restarts, just like data nodes, because this is where the
cluster metadata is stored. The cluster metadata describes how to read the data
stored on the data nodes, so if it is lost then the data stored on the data
nodes cannot be read.

[[dedicated-master-node]]
===== Dedicated master-eligible node

It is important for the health of the cluster that the elected master node has
the resources it needs to fulfill its responsibilities. If the elected master
node is overloaded with other tasks then the cluster will not operate well. The
most reliable way to avoid overloading the master with other tasks is to
configure all the master-eligible nodes to be _dedicated master-eligible nodes_
which only have the `master` role, allowing them to focus on managing the
cluster. Master-eligible nodes will still also behave as
<<coordinating-node,coordinating nodes>> that route requests from clients to
the other nodes in the cluster, but you should _not_ use dedicated master nodes
for this purpose.

A small or lightly-loaded cluster may operate well if its master-eligible nodes
have other roles and responsibilities, but once your cluster comprises more
than a handful of nodes it usually makes sense to use dedicated master-eligible
nodes.

To create a dedicated master-eligible node, set:

[source,yaml]
-------------------
node.roles: [ master ]
-------------------

[[voting-only-node]]
===== Voting-only master-eligible node

A voting-only master-eligible node is a node that participates in
<<modules-discovery,master elections>> but which will not act as the cluster's
elected master node. In particular, a voting-only node can serve as a tiebreaker
in elections.

It may seem confusing to use the term "master-eligible" to describe a
voting-only node since such a node is not actually eligible to become the master
at all. This terminology is an unfortunate consequence of history:
master-eligible nodes are those nodes that participate in elections and perform
certain tasks during cluster state publications, and voting-only nodes have the
same responsibilities even if they can never become the elected master.

To configure a master-eligible node as a voting-only node, include `master` and
`voting_only` in the list of roles. For example to create a voting-only data
node:

[source,yaml]
-------------------
node.roles: [ data, master, voting_only ]
-------------------

IMPORTANT: Only nodes with the `master` role can be marked as having the
`voting_only` role.

High availability (HA) clusters require at least three master-eligible nodes, at
least two of which are not voting-only nodes. Such a cluster will be able to
elect a master node even if one of the nodes fails.

Voting-only master-eligible nodes may also fill other roles in your cluster.
For instance, a node may be both a data node and a voting-only master-eligible
node. A _dedicated_ voting-only master-eligible nodes is a voting-only
master-eligible node that fills no other roles in the cluster. To create a
dedicated voting-only master-eligible node, set:

[source,yaml]
-------------------
node.roles: [ master, voting_only ]
-------------------

Since dedicated voting-only nodes never act as the cluster's elected master,
they may require less heap and a less powerful CPU than the true master nodes.
However all master-eligible nodes, including voting-only nodes, are on the
critical path for <<cluster-state-publishing,publishing cluster state
updates>>. Cluster state updates are usually independent of
performance-critical workloads such as indexing or searches, but they are
involved in management activities such as index creation and rollover, mapping
updates, and recovery after a failure. The performance characteristics of these
activities are a function of the speed of the storage on each master-eligible
node, as well as the reliability and latency of the network interconnections
between the elected master node and the other nodes in the cluster. You must
therefore ensure that the storage and networking available to the nodes in your
cluster are good enough to meet your performance goals.

[[data-node]]
==== Data node

Data nodes hold the shards that contain the documents you have indexed. Data
nodes handle data related operations like CRUD, search, and aggregations.
These operations are I/O-, memory-, and CPU-intensive. It is important to
monitor these resources and to add more data nodes if they are overloaded.

The main benefit of having dedicated data nodes is the separation of the master
and data roles.

To create a dedicated data node, set:
[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ data ]
----

In a multi-tier deployment architecture, you use specialized data roles to
assign data nodes to specific tiers: `data_content`,`data_hot`, `data_warm`,
`data_cold`, or `data_frozen`. A node can belong to multiple tiers, but a node
that has one of the specialized data roles cannot have the generic `data` role.

[role="xpack"]
[[data-content-node]]
==== Content data node

Content data nodes are part of the content tier.
include::{es-repo-dir}/datatiers.asciidoc[tag=content-tier]

To create a dedicated content node, set:
[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ data_content ]
----

[role="xpack"]
[[data-hot-node]]
==== Hot data node

Hot data nodes are part of the hot tier.
include::{es-repo-dir}/datatiers.asciidoc[tag=hot-tier]

To create a dedicated hot node, set:
[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ data_hot ]
----

[role="xpack"]
[[data-warm-node]]
==== Warm data node

Warm data nodes are part of the warm tier.
include::{es-repo-dir}/datatiers.asciidoc[tag=warm-tier]

To create a dedicated warm node, set:
[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ data_warm ]
----

[role="xpack"]
[[data-cold-node]]
==== Cold data node

Cold data nodes are part of the cold tier.
include::{es-repo-dir}/datatiers.asciidoc[tag=cold-tier]

To create a dedicated cold node, set:
[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ data_cold ]
----

[role="xpack"]
[[data-frozen-node]]
==== Frozen data node

Frozen data nodes are part of the frozen tier.
include::{es-repo-dir}/datatiers.asciidoc[tag=frozen-tier]

To create a dedicated frozen node, set:
[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ data_frozen ]
----

[[node-ingest-node]]
==== Ingest node

Ingest nodes can execute pre-processing pipelines, composed of one or more
ingest processors. Depending on the type of operations performed by the ingest
processors and the required resources, it may make sense to have dedicated
ingest nodes, that will only perform this specific task.

To create a dedicated ingest node, set:

[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ ingest ]
----

[[coordinating-only-node]]
==== Coordinating only node

If you take away the ability to be able to handle master duties, to hold data,
and pre-process documents, then you are left with a _coordinating_ node that
can only route requests, handle the search reduce phase, and distribute bulk
indexing. Essentially, coordinating only nodes behave as smart load balancers.

Coordinating only nodes can benefit large clusters by offloading the
coordinating node role from data and master-eligible nodes. They join the
cluster and receive the full <<cluster-state,cluster state>>, like every other
node, and they use the cluster state to route requests directly to the
appropriate place(s).

WARNING: Adding too many coordinating only nodes to a cluster can increase the
burden on the entire cluster because the elected master node must await
acknowledgement of cluster state updates from every node! The benefit of
coordinating only nodes should not be overstated -- data nodes can happily
serve the same purpose.

To create a dedicated coordinating node, set:

[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ ]
----

[[remote-node]]
==== Remote-eligible node

A remote-eligible node acts as a cross-cluster client and connects to
<<remote-clusters,remote clusters>>. Once connected, you can search
remote clusters using <<modules-cross-cluster-search,{ccs}>>. You can also sync
data between clusters using <<xpack-ccr,{ccr}>>.

[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ remote_cluster_client ]
----

[[ml-node]]
==== [xpack]#Machine learning node#

{ml-cap} nodes run jobs and handle {ml} API requests. For more information, see
<<ml-settings>>.

To create a dedicated {ml} node, set:

[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ ml, remote_cluster_client]
----

The `remote_cluster_client` role is optional but strongly recommended.
Otherwise, {ccs} fails when used in {ml} jobs or {dfeeds}. If you use {ccs} in
your {anomaly-jobs}, the `remote_cluster_client` role is also required on all
master-eligible nodes. Otherwise, the {dfeed} cannot start. See <<remote-node>>.

[[transform-node]]
==== [xpack]#{transform-cap} node#

{transform-cap} nodes run {transforms} and handle {transform} API requests. For
more information, see <<transform-settings>>.

To create a dedicated {transform} node, set:

[source,yaml]
----
node.roles: [ transform, remote_cluster_client ]
----

The `remote_cluster_client` role is optional but strongly recommended.
Otherwise, {ccs} fails when used in {transforms}. See <<remote-node>>.

[[change-node-role]]
==== Changing the role of a node

Each data node maintains the following data on disk:

* the shard data for every shard allocated to that node,
* the index metadata corresponding with every shard allocated to that node, and
* the cluster-wide metadata, such as settings and index templates.

Similarly, each master-eligible node maintains the following data on disk:

* the index metadata for every index in the cluster, and
* the cluster-wide metadata, such as settings and index templates.

Each node checks the contents of its data path at startup. If it discovers
unexpected data then it will refuse to start. This is to avoid importing
unwanted <<modules-gateway-dangling-indices,dangling indices>> which can lead
to a red cluster health. To be more precise, nodes without the `data` role will
refuse to start if they find any shard data on disk at startup, and nodes
without both the `master` and `data` roles will refuse to start if they have any
index metadata on disk at startup.

It is possible to change the roles of a node by adjusting its
`elasticsearch.yml` file and restarting it. This is known as _repurposing_ a
node. In order to satisfy the checks for unexpected data described above, you
must perform some extra steps to prepare a node for repurposing when starting
the node without the `data` or `master` roles.

* If you want to repurpose a data node by removing the `data` role then you
  should first use an <<allocation-filtering,allocation filter>> to safely
  migrate all the shard data onto other nodes in the cluster.

* If you want to repurpose a node to have neither the `data` nor `master` roles
  then it is simplest to start a brand-new node with an empty data path and the
  desired roles. You may find it safest to use an
  <<allocation-filtering,allocation filter>> to migrate the shard data elsewhere
  in the cluster first.

If it is not possible to follow these extra steps then you may be able to use
the <<node-tool-repurpose,`elasticsearch-node repurpose`>> tool to delete any
excess data that prevents a node from starting.

[discrete]
=== Node data path settings

[[data-path]]
==== `path.data`

Every data and master-eligible node requires access to a data directory where
shards and index and cluster metadata will be stored. The `path.data` defaults
to `$ES_HOME/data` but can be configured in the `elasticsearch.yml` config
file an absolute path or a path relative to `$ES_HOME` as follows:

[source,yaml]
----
path.data:  /var/elasticsearch/data
----

Like all node settings, it can also be specified on the command line as:

[source,sh]
----
./bin/elasticsearch -Epath.data=/var/elasticsearch/data
----

The contents of the `path.data` directory must persist across restarts, because
this is where your data is stored. {es} requires the filesystem to act as if it
were backed by a local disk, but this means that it will work correctly on
properly-configured remote block devices (e.g. a SAN) and remote filesystems
(e.g. NFS) as long as the remote storage behaves no differently from local
storage. You can run multiple {es} nodes on the same filesystem, but each {es}
node must have its own data path.

The performance of an {es} cluster is often limited by the performance of the
underlying storage, so you must ensure that your storage supports acceptable
performance. Some remote storage performs very poorly, especially under the
kind of load that {es} imposes, so make sure to benchmark your system carefully
before committing to a particular storage architecture.

TIP: When using the `.zip` or `.tar.gz` distributions, the `path.data` setting
should be configured to locate the data directory outside the {es} home
directory, so that the home directory can be deleted without deleting your data!
The RPM and Debian distributions do this for you already.

// tag::modules-node-data-path-warning-tag[]
WARNING: Don't modify anything within the data directory or run processes that
might interfere with its contents. If something other than {es} modifies the
contents of the data directory, then {es} may fail, reporting corruption or
other data inconsistencies, or may appear to work correctly having silently
lost some of your data. Don't attempt to take filesystem backups of the data
directory; there is no supported way to restore such a backup. Instead, use
<<snapshot-restore>> to take backups safely. Don't run virus scanners on the
data directory. A virus scanner can prevent {es} from working correctly and may
modify the contents of the data directory. The data directory contains no
executables so a virus scan will only find false positives.
// end::modules-node-data-path-warning-tag[]

[discrete]
[[other-node-settings]]
=== Other node settings

More node settings can be found in <<settings>> and <<important-settings>>,
including:

* <<cluster-name,`cluster.name`>>
* <<node-name,`node.name`>>
* <<modules-network,network settings>>